(1) THE PROFILE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS OF INDIA
READINGS
(2) PUBLICATION ON CONSERVATION
(3) PUBLICATION ON CULTIVATION
(4) LIST OF RED LISTED MEDICINAL PLANTS
(5) SPECIES PRIORITISED FOR CULTIVATION BY GOI
(6) INSTITUTIONS
1.1
What is a medicinal plant?
Ancient Indian literature incorporates a remarkably broad definition of medicinal plants and considers “all” plant entities to be potential sources of medicinal substances. “Jagatyevananaoushadham na kincit vidyate dravyam vasannaanartha yogayoh” (Source: Ashtanga hirdaya. SU.9-10). While all plant entities are thus potentially medicinal, at a practical level, only those plants are considered “medicinal” whose medicinal use has already been discovered for human or veterinary application.
1.2
The cultural roots of medicinal plants in India
A Living
Tradition:
India has one
of the oldest, richest and most diverse cultural traditions associated with the
use of medicinal plants. The
remarkable fact is that it is still a living tradition.
This is borne out by the fact that there still exist around a million
traditional, village-based carriers of herbal medicine traditions in the form of
traditional birth attendants, bone-setters, herbal healers and wandering monks.
Apart from these specialized carriers there are millions of women and
elders who have traditional knowledge of herbal-remedies and of food and
nutrition.
Complementing
the village based carriers, there are around 6 lakh licensed, registered medical
practitioners of the codified systems of Indian Medicine like Ayurvedic, Siddha,
Unani and the Tibetan system of medicine. The codified systems have sophisticated theoretical
foundation and there are hundreds of medical tests in the form of
Nighantus(Lexicons) and texts on Bhaisajya Kalpana (pharmacy) that specifically
deal with plants and plant’s products. There
are over 10,000 herbal products and processes documented in medical literature.
Traditionally
medicinal plants have been used for human, veterinary and plant health.
There are medical texts that deal with the treatment of cows, horses,
elephants and birds. There are also texts on subjects like Vrksh-ayurveda that
deal with use of plants for controlling pests, treating plant diseases and as
bio-fertilizers.
In passing it
may be worth observing that the knowledge of the Indian people about plants and
plant’s products is not based on the application of western categories of
knowledge and approaches to studying natural products, like Chemistry and
Pharmacology. It is based on a
sophisticated, indigenous knowledge category called “Dravya Gun Shastra”.
Unfortunately due to lack of rigorous cross cultural studies and in fact
in the absence of a well accepted methodology for such cross cultural studies,
there exists no “reliable bridge”
to cross over from chemistry and pharmacology to “Dravya Gun Shastra” or
vice-versa, although functional links have been established.
1.3
Medicinal
plants resources of India
Analysis
of published information on medicinal plants use indicates that around 8000
species are used by the different systems of medicine in India.
Cross tabulation on the count of Medicinal Plants
Usage across Medical Systems
|
|
AYURVEDA |
FOLK |
HOMEO |
MODERN |
SIDHA |
TIBETAN |
UNANI |
|
AYURVEDA |
2351 |
900 |
189 |
80 |
1028 |
341 |
880 |
|
FOLK |
900 |
5137 |
164 |
86 |
971 |
235 |
573 |
|
HOMEO |
189 |
164 |
506 |
100 |
167 |
77 |
173 |
|
MODERN |
80 |
86 |
100 |
204 |
65 |
25 |
75 |
|
SIDHA |
1028 |
971 |
167 |
65 |
1785 |
277 |
641 |
|
TIBETAN |
341 |
235 |
77 |
25 |
277 |
350 |
275 |
|
UNANI |
880 |
573 |
173 |
75 |
641 |
275 |
979 |
1.4
Distribution
of medicinal plants
The
analysis of the distribution of medicinal plants shows that they are distributed
across diverse habitats and landscapes. Around 70% of India’s medicinal plants are found in the
tropical areas mostly in the various forest types spread across the western and
eastern ghats, the Vindhyas, Chotta Nagpur plateau, Aravalis, the Terai region
in the foothills of Himalayas and the North East.
While less than 30% of the medicinal plants are found in the temperate
and alpine areas of higher altitudes which include species of high medicinal
value. A small number of medicinal
plants are also found in aquatic habitats and mangroves.
Studies
show that a larger percentage of the known medicinal plants occur in the dry and
moist deciduous vegetation as compared to the evergreen or temperate habitats.
In order to arrive at a broad picture of medicinal plant diversity
occurring in different regions of our country, an attempt has been made to
enlist first level estimates of medicinal plant diversity recorded in each such
bio-geographic zone/region.
The “Trans
Himalayan”, bio-geographic zone is estimated to harbour approximately 700
known medicinal plant species. Some
of the well known ones, existing in the very cold and desert like conditions of
this region are Ephedra gerardiana Wall.,
Hippophae rhamnoides L., Arnebia
euchroma (Royle) John etc. The “Himalayan”, bio-geographic zone
consists of NorthWest Himalaya , West Himalaya, Central Himalaya and East Himalaya
biotic provinces. The NorthWest and
West Himalaya region is estimated to harbour approximately 1,700 known medicinal
plant species. Some of the
well-known medicinal species, of these region
are Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. Ex Royle, Ferula jaeschkeana Vatke and
Saussurea costus (Balc.) Lipsd.
The last one i.e. S. costus (syn. S. lappa
C. B. Clarke) is in fact confined to only the Himalayan region of Jammu &
Kashmir state and is cultivated elsewhere, including Lahaul district of Himachal
Pradesh. It is critically endangered, in the wild, and is already enlisted in
Appendix I of CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of
flora and fauna). The Central and
Eastern Himalayan biotic provinces, put together, are estimated to harbour
around 1,200 known medicinal plant species.
A few of the well known ones are Nardostachys
grandiflora DC., Taxus wallichiana Zucc.,
Rhododendron anthopogon D.Don and Panax
pseudoginseng Wall. The last
one i.e. P. pseudoginseng is confined to the Eastern Himalaya, in India while
N. grandiflora DC & Taxus
wallichiana Zucc. are already included in Appendix II of CITES.
The “Desert”;bio-geographic zone consists of biotic provinces of Kutch and Thar. Inspite of the fact that this region supports only sparse vegetation, it harbours almost 500 known medicinal plant species. Some of the well-known ones, of this region, are Convolvulus microphyllus Seib ex Spreng (Syn C. pluricaulis Chois), Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem, Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrader and Cressa cretica L.
The “Semi-Arid” zone consists of biotic provinces of Punjab and Gujarat –Rajwar and is estimated to harbour around 1,000 known medicinal plant species. Some of the well-known ones, of this region, are Commiphora wightii (A.) Bhandari, Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb., Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile and Tribulus rajasthanensis. The last one is almost endemic to this region in India while extending into adjoining areas of Pakistan also.
The “Western Ghats” bio-geographic zone consists of two biotic provinces namely Malabar coast and Western Ghat Mountains . This region is known for the wealth of its bio-diversity and is known as one of the eighteen hot spots of bio-diversity recognized across the globe.
It is estimated to harbour approximately 2000 known medicinal plant species and many of these are endemic to this region. Examples of such endemic medicinal species are Myristica malabarica Lam., Garcinia indica (Dup.) Choisy, Utleria salicifolia Bedd. and Vateria indica L. These four endemic medicinal plant species have been assessed to be under varying degree of threat of extinction ranging from Vulnerable (VU) in case of Vateria indica L. to Critically Endangered (CR) for Utleria salicifolia Bedd.
The “Deccan
Peninsula” covers the largest chunk of land mass, amongst all the ten
bio-geographic zones, and consists of five biotic provinces namely Deccan
Plateau South, Central Plateau, Eastern Plateau, Chhota Nagpur and Central
Highlands. This bio-geographic
zone harbours the highest proportion of India’s entire medicinal plant
diversity and the total number of known medicinal plant species is estimated at
approximately 3000. The well known
endemic medicinal species of this zone are Pterocarpus
santalinus L.f., Decalepis hamiltonii Wight
& Arn., Terminalia pallida Brandis
and Shorea tumbuggaia Roxb.
Pterocarpus santalinus L.f are
already included in Appendix II of CITES.
The “Gangetic Plain” bio-geographic zone consisting of biotic provinces of Upper Gangetic Plain and Lower Gangetic Plain are estimated to harbour around 1000 known medicinal plant species. A few of the well known ones of this region, are Holarrhena pubescens (Buch-Ham.) Wallich ex DC., Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell.-Arg., Pluchea lanceolata C. B.Clarke and Peganum harmala L.
The “North-East India” is another high bio-diversity region and is one of the eighteen hot spots, with high levels of endemism, like Western Ghats. It consists of two biotic provinces namely Brahmaputra Valley and Assam Hills. This zone is estimated to harbour nearly 2000 plant species of known medicinal value.
A few of the
well-known and important medicinal plants of this zone are Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.,
Smilax glabra Roxb., Ambroma augusta
(L.) L.f. and Hydnocarpus
kurzii (King) Warb. Out of these, A.
malaccensis Lam., are already included in Appendix II of CITES.
The “Islands” bio-geographic zone consists of three biotic provinces namely Andaman Islands, Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep Islands. An estimated 1000 known medicinal plant species are estimated to occur in this zone. Some of the important medicinal plants of this zone are Calophyllum inophyllum L., Adenanthera pavonina L., Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz and Aisandra butyracea (Roxb.) Baehni.
The “Coasts” bio-geographic zone comprises of two biotic provinces namely West Coast and East Coast and is estimated to harbour around 500 plant species of known medicinal value. A few of the well known ones, amongst these are Rhizophora mucronata Lam., Acanthus ilicifolius L., Avicennia marina Vierh and Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engl. Studies show that a large percentage of the known medicinal plants occur in the dry and moist deciduous vegetation as compared to the evergreen or temperate habitats. This is perhaps due to more intensive human (anthropological) interaction with plants in the deciduous tracts as compared to evergreen forests & also the fact that there is a greater degree of speciation in tropical forests as compared to the temperate vegetation.
1.5
Life
forms:
Analysis
of life forms of medicinal plants indicates that a little more than one third
are trees. Herbs form around one
third of the population. Shrubs and
climbers form a little more than one third of the total.
Medicinal
species are also found in lower plant groups like algae, fungi, lichens,
bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms.
1.6
Families:
Of
the 386 families and 2200 genera in which medicinal plants are recorded, the
families Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae, Fabaceae, Rubiaceae, Poaceae,
Acanthaceae, Rosaceae and Apiaceae share the larger proportion of medicinal
plant species, with the highest number of species (419) falling under Asteraceae.
1.7
Need for policy makers to mobilise resources for “Medicinal Plants”
conservation programmes.
One can make the bold assertion that medicinal plants ought to be given the status of a national resource. This is because their sustained availability is essential to sustain one of world’s oldest medical traditions, a priceless legacy of the Indian people. Millions of rural households use medicinal plants in a self-help mode. Over one and a half million practitioners of the Indian Systems of Medicine, in the oral and codified streams use medicinal plants in preventive, promotive and curative applications.
There are estimated to be over 8000 manufacturing units in India with a combined annual turnover of over Rs.4000 crores/year. In recent years, the growing demand for herbal products has led to a quantum jump in volumes of plant material traded within and across countries. Conservative estimates put the economic value of medicinal plant related International trade to be of the order of US $ 880 million and this is growing.
While
the demand for medicinal plants is increasing, their survival in their natural
habitats is under growing threat. This is due to rapid loss & fragmentation
of natural habitats and in certain cases due to over harvesting of specific
species. Species like Coscinium
fenestratum, Janakia arayalpathra, Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Saussurea costus
READINGS
Title: A Catalogue Of Indian Synonyms
Author: Moodeen Sheriff
Publisher: Periodicals Experts Book Agency, D-42, Vivek Vihar, Delhi.
Year: 1988
Title: A Handbook Of Medicinal Plants
Author: Dr.P.N.V.Kurup, Dr.V.N.K.Ramadas & Joshi,P
Year: 1979
Title: A Handbook Of Medicinal Plants
Author: Dr.P.N.V.Kurup, Dr.V.N.K.Ramadas & Joshi,P
Year: 1979
Title: All India Co-Ordinated Research Project On Ethnobiology
Author: Annonymus
Publisher: Govt. Of India
Year: 1990
Title: All India Coordinated Research Project On Ethnobiology
Author: Botanical Survey Of India
Publisher: Department Of Environment
Year: 1984
Title: An Interpretation Of Van Rheede's Hortus Malabaricus
Author: Dan H. Nicolson, C.R.Suresh And K.S Manilal
Publisher: Koeltz Scientific Books.
Year: 1988
Title: Ayurvedic Drugs And Their Plant Sources
Author: V.V. Sivarajan And Indira Balachandran
Publisher: Mohan Primlani For Oxford &Ibh Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., 66 Janpath, N
Year: 1994
Title: Classical Uses Of Medicinal Plants
Author: P.V.Sharma
Publisher: Chaukhambha Visvabharati
Year: 1996
Title: Dictionary Of Indian Folk Medicine And Ethnobotany
Author: S.K. Jain
Publisher: Deep Publications
Year: 1991
Title: Dictionary Of Indian Folk Medicine And Ethnobotany
Author: S.K. Jain
Publisher: Deep Publications
Year: 1991
Title: Encyclopaedia Of Islamic Medicine.
Author: Dr.Hassan Kamal.
Publisher: General Egyptian Book Organisation. (G.E.B.O)
Year: 1975
Title: Index Kewensis
Author: Oxford Unversity Press
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Author: Late Dr.K.M.Nadkarni & A.K.Nadkarni
Publisher: Popular Prakashan Private Limited. 35c, Tardeo Roa.
Year: 1993
Title: Indian Medicinal Plants Vol 1 -4
Author: K.R. Kirtikar, B.D. Basu & An I.C.S.
Publisher: Lalit Mohan Basu, M.B., 49, Leader Road, Allahabad.
Year: 1993
Title: Indian Medicinal Plants Volume .Vol 1-5
Author: Warrier,P.K. Et Al (Eds.)
Publisher: Orient Longman, 160 Anna Salai
Year: 1993
Title : Indian Pharmaceutical Codex Vol.I
Author : Mukerji,B
Publisher: C.S.I.R., New Delhi.
Year : 1953
Title : Jami-Ul-Mufradath-Al-Advia-Wal-Aghzia Vol-1
Author : Ziauddin Abdullah Bin Ahmed-Al-Indalsi
Publisher: Central Council For Research In Unani Medicine
Title : The Ayurvedic Formulary Of India Part 1. First Edition
Author : Ministry Of Health & Family Welfare
Publisher: Controller Of Publications, Delhi
Year : 1978
Title : The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia Of India Part 1. Vol.1
Author : Anonymous
Publisher: Ministry Of Health & Family Welfare, Department Of Health.
Title : Materia Medica Of Tibetian Medicine
Author : Vaidya Bhagwan Das
Publisher: Sadguru Publication, Indian Book Center
Year: 1994
Atal
C.K. & Kapur B.M. (1982). Cultivation and Utilisation of Medicinal Plants. RRL,
CSIR, JAMMU-TAWI.
Bagachi G., Chaudhari P.K. and Kumar S., (1999), Cultivation of Bhumyamalaki - Phyllanthus amarus In India. Farm Bulletin No.10, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow
Bordia
P.C., A. Joshi and Simlot M.M, (1995). Safed
Musli: Advances in Horticulture
Chadha
K.L. and Rajendra Gupta (1995). Advances
in Horticulture - Medicinal and Aromatic Plants.
Volume 11. Malhotra Publishing House, New Delhi.
Farooqui A.A. and Khan M.M. (1993&1999). Production Technology of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops. Indian Herbs Research and Supply Company, Bangalore.
Farooqui A.A. and Vasundhara M. (1997). Medicinal Plants - Wealth for farmers, Health for all. Farm Digest, October-December 1997.
Kumar
N., Md. Abdul Khader JBM, Rangaswami P. and Irulappan I.(1997). Introduction
to Spices, Plantation Crops, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants.
Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Singh S.P., Sharma J.R.., Misra H.O., Lal R.K., Gupta M.M. and Tajuddin (1997). Development of new variety Sona of Senna (Cassia angustifolia). Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences. CIMAP, Lucknow.
Singh A.K., Mishra H.O., Singh H.P., Singh A.K. and Kumar S.K., (1999), Cultivation of Kalmegh - Andrographis paniculata In India. Farm Bulletin No.009, Central Institute of Medicinal And Aromatic Plants, Lucknow.
Srivastava
A.K. (1978). Rauvolfia
serpentina and its Cultivation in India. Farm Bulletin No.10. Central
Indian Medicinal Plants Organisation, Lucknow.
Link 4: LIST OF RED LISTED MEDICINAL PLANTS
List of Red Listed Medicinal Plants assessed through
Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop , (CAMP) organised by FRLHT :
1 Adhatoda beddomei C. B. Clarke CR/G 1995
2 Eulophia cullenii (Wight) Blume CR/G 1995-99
3 Heliotropium keralense Sivar. & Manilal CR/G 1995-99
4 Janakia arayalpathra J.Joseph & V. Chandras. CR/G 1995-99
5 Paphiopedilium druryi (Bedd.) Pfitz. CR/G 1995-99
6 Piper barberi Gamble CR/G 1995-99
7 Shorea tumbuggaia Roxb. CR/G 1995-99
8 Syzygium travancoricum Gamble CR/G 1995-99
9 Utleria salicifolia Bedd. CR/G 1995-99
10 Valeriana leschenaultii DC. CR/G 1995-99
11 Vateria macrocarpa B. L. Gupta CR/G 1995-99
12 Piper mullesua Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don CR/KA 1995-99
13 Pueraria tuberosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) DC. CR/KA 1995-99
14 Salacia oblonga Wall. Ex Wight & Arn. CR/KA 1995-99
15 Salacia reticulata Wight CR/KA 1995-99
16 Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Coleb. CR/KA, KL, TN 1995-99
17 Cycas circinalis L. CR/KA, TN 1995-99
18 Plectranthus vettiveroides (Jacob) Singh & Sharma CR/TN 1995-99
19 Cayratia pedata (Lam.) Juss.
Ex Gagnepain var. glabra Gamble EN/G 1995-99
20 Cinnamomum wightii Meisn. EN/G 1995-99
21 Decalepis hamiltonii Wight & Arn. EN/G 1995-99
22 Dipterocarpus indicus Bedd. EN/G 1995-99
23 Dysoxylum malabaricum Bedd. ex Hiern EN/G 1995-99
24 Garcinia travancorica Bedd. EN/G 1995-99
25 Gymnema khandalense Santapau EN/G 1995-99
26 Gymnema montanum (Roxb.) Hook.f. EN/G 1995-99
27 Humboldtia vahliana Wight EN/G 1995-99
28 Hydnocarpus macrocarpa (Bedd.) Warb. EN/G 1995-99
29 Nilgirianthus ciliatus (Nees) Bremek. EN/G 1995-99
30 Plectranthus nilgherricus Benth. EN/G 1995-99
31 Pterocarpus santalinus L.f. EN/G 1995-99
32 Semecarpus travancorica Bedd. EN/G 1995-99
33 Strychnos aenea A. W. Hill EN/G 1995-99
34 Swertia lawii (C.B.Clarke) Burkill EN/G 1995-99
35 Trichopus zeylanicus Gaertn.
subsp. travancoricus (Bedd.) Burkill EN/G 1995-99
36 Chonemorpha fragrans (Moon) Alston EN/KA 1995-99
37 Drosera indica L. EN/KA 1995-99
38 Michelia champaca L. EN/KA 1995-99
39 Nothapodytes nimmoniana (Graham) Mabber. EN/KA 1995-99
40 Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Wilde EN/KA 1995-99
41 Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz EN/KA, KE, TN 1995-99
42 Ampelocissus indica (L.) Planch. EN/KA, KL, TN 1995-99
43 Drosera peltata J.E.Sm. ex Willd. EN/KA, TN 1995-99
44 Santalum album L. EN/KE, TN 1995-99
45 Acorus calamus L. EN/KL 1995-99
46 Operculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso EN/KL 1995-99
47 Oroxylum indicum (L.) Benth. ex Kurz EN/KL 1995-99
48 Holostemma ada-kodien Shultes EN/KL 1995-99
49 Adenia hondala (Gaertn.) Wilde EN/TN 1995-99
50 Nervilia aragoana Gaud. EN/TN 1995-99
51 Persea macrantha (Nees) Kosterm. EN/TN 1995-99
52 Piper longum L. EN/TN 1995-99
Jammu Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh
53 Aconitum chasmanthum Stapf ex Holmes CR/J&K 1998
54 Arnebia benthamii (Wall. ex G.Don) Johns CR/J&K and HP 1998
55 Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D.Don) Soo CR/J&K and HP 1998
56 Fritillaria roylei Hook. CR/J&K and EN/HP 1998
57 Gentiana kurroo Royle CR/J&K and EN/HP 1998
58 Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch CR/J&K and EN/HP 1998
59 Aconitum deinorrhizum Stapf EN/J&K and EN/HP 1998
60 Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle EN/J&K and EN/HP 1998
61 Angelica glauca Edgew. EN/J&K and EN/HP 1998
62 Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johns EN/J&K and EN/HP 1998
63 Artemisia maritima L. EN/J&K 1998
64 Betula utilis D.Don EN/J&K and EN/HP 1998
65 Ephedra gerardiana Wall. ex Stapf EN/J&K 1998
66 Jurinea dolomiaea Boiss. EN/J&K 1998
67 Meconopsis aculeata Royle EN/J&K 1998
68 Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth. EN/J&K and EN/HP 1998
69 Podophyllum hexandrum Royle EN/J&K and EN/HP 1998
70 Nardostachys grandiflora DC. EN/HP 1998
Maharashtra
71 Holostemma ada-kodien Shultes CR/MAH 2001
72 Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz CR/MAH 2001
73 Chlorophytum arundinaceum Baker EN/MAH 2001
74 Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. & Fern. EN/MAH 2001
75 Dipcadi ursulae Blatt. EN/MAH 2001
76 Eulophia ramentacea Lindl. ex. Wight EN/MAH 2001
77 Eulophia nuda Lindl. EN/MAH 2001
78 Fumaria indica (Haussk.) Pugsley EN/MAH 2001
79 Iphigenia stellata Blatter. EN/MAH 2001
80 Lamprachaenium microcephalum (Dalz.) Benth. EN/MAH 2001
81 Nothapodytes nimmoniana (Graham) Mabber. EN/MAH 2001
82 Operculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso EN/MAH 2001
83 Oroxylum indicum (L.) Benth. ex Kurz EN/MAH 2001
84 Santalum album L. EN/MAH 2001
85 Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Wilde EN/MAH 2001
86
Thalictrum dalzellii Hook.
EN/MAH
2001
Andhra Pradesh
87 Cycas beddomei Dyer CR/G 2001
88 Embelia ribes Burm.f. CR/AP 2001
89 Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B.Robinson CR/AP 2001
90 Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. Ex Kurz. CR/AP 2001
91 Acorus calamus L. EN/AP 2001
92 Angiopteris evecta (Forst.) Hoffm. EN/AP 2001
93 Anodendron paniculatum A.DC. EN/AP 2001
94 Entada Pursaetha DC. EN/AP 2001
95 Lasia spinosa Thw. EN/AP 2001
96 Nervilia aragoana Gaud. EN/AP 2001
97 Piper nigrum L. EN/AP 2001
98 Plectranthus barbatus Andr. EN/AP 2001
99 Plumbago indica L. EN/AP 2001
100 Rhaphidophora decursiva Schott EN/AP 2001
101 Santalum album L. EN/AP 2001
102 Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Wilde EN/AP 2001
103 Shorea tumbaggaia Roxb. EN/AP 2001
104 Strychnos colubrina L. EN/AP 2001
105 Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. EN/AP 2001
106 Zingiber roseum Rosc. EN/AP 2001
107 Boswellia ovalifoliolata Balakr. & Henry EN/G 2001
108 Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. EN/G 2001
109 Decalepis hamiltonii Wight & Arn. EN/G 2001
110 Pimpinella tirupatiensis Bal. & Sub. EN/G 2001
111 Pterocarpus santalinus L.f. EN/G 2001
112 Syzygium alternifolium (Wt.) Wall. EN/G 2001
113 Terminalia pallida Brandis EN/G 2001
114 Urginea nagarjunae Hemadri & Sahari EN/G 2001
Abbreviation: CR: Critically endangered; EN: Endangered; G: Globally; KA: Karnataka
KL: Kerala; TN: TamilNadu; MAH: Maharashtra; AP: Andhra Pradesh
J&K: Jammu Kashmir; HP: Himachal Pradesh
|
Sr. No. |
Plant
Name |
Family |
|
|
Amla |
Embilica officinalis Gaertn |
|
|
Asoka |
Saraca asoca (Roxb.) de. Wilde |
|
|
Ashwagandha |
Withania somnifera (Linn) Dunal |
|
|
Atees |
Acotinum heterophyllum Wall. |
|
|
Bael |
Aegle marmelos L. Corr |
|
|
Bhumi amlaki |
Phyllanthus amarus Schum& Thonn |
|
|
Brahmi |
Bacopa monnieri(L) Pennel |
|
|
Chandan |
Santalum album Linn. |
|
|
Chirata |
Swertia chirata Buch-Ham |
|
|
Giloe |
Tinospora cordifolia Miers. |
|
|
Gudmar |
Gymnema sylvestre R. Br. |
|
|
Guggal |
Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari |
|
|
Indian Berberry |
Berberis aristata DC. |
|
|
Isabgol |
Plantago ovata Forsk. |
|
|
Jatamansi |
Nardsostachys jatamansi DC. |
|
|
Kalmegh |
Andrographis paniculata L. |
|
|
Kalahari |
Gloriosa superba Linn. |
|
|
Kokum |
Garcinia indica Linn. |
|
|
Kuth |
Saussurea costus C.B.clork (S.lappa) |
|
|
Kutki |
Picrorhiza kurroa Aut. non. Royle. |
|
|
Liquorice (Mulethi) |
Glycorrhiza glabra Linn. |
|
|
Long pepper (Pippali) |
Piper longum Linn. |
|
|
Makoy |
Solanum nigrum Linn. |
|
|
Musali |
Chlorophytum arundinaceum, Baker. (C.borivillianum) |
|
|
Pashan Bheda (coleus) |
Coleus barbatus Benth. |
|
|
Sarpagandha |
Rauvolfia serpentina Benth. Ex Kurz |
|
|
Senna (sanai) |
Cassia angustifolia Vahl. |
|
|
Shatavari |
Asparagus racemosus Willd. |
|
|
Tulsi |
Ocimum sanctum Linn. |
|
|
Vai Vidang |
Embilia ribes Burn. F |
|
|
Vatsnabh (Vish) |
Acotinum ferox wall. (A. Chasmanthum) |
Chief Executive Officer
Medicinal Plants Board,
Govt. of India
36A, Janpath,
Chandralok Building (Ground Floor)
NEW DELHI 110 001
EMAIL: nmpb@indiatimes.com / nmpb22@indiatimes.com
2. Dr. Vineeta Sharma
Deptt. of Science & Technology
Science and Society Division
Govt. of India
Technology Bhawan
New Mehrauli Road
New Delhi 110 016
Email vsharma@alpha.nic.in
Phone: 011 656 7373
3. Dr. S. Natesh
Director
Deptt. of Bio-Technology
Govt. of India
7th-8th Floor, Block-2
CGO Complex, Lodhi Road
New Delhi 110 003
4. Dr. Punjab Singh
The Director-General
Indian CAR
Deptt. of Agricultural Research & Education
Govt. of India
Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi 110 001
Phone: 011 338 3830
Email: psingh@icar.delhi.nic.in
5. Dr. G. Veluchamy
Director
Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha
61-65, Institutional Area
Opp: D Block, Janakpuri
New Delhi 110 058
Phones: 011 553-6520/562-4457
Fax: 011 552-8748
6. Dr. RU Ahmad
Director
Pharmacopoeal Laboratory for Indian Medicine
CGO Complex, Kamla Nehru Nagar
Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh
Phone: 471 9023
7. Dr. SK Sharma
Adviser (Ayurveda)
Deptt. of ISM & H
Medicinal Plants Board,
Govt. of India, No.36A, Janpath,
Chandralok Building (Ground Floor)
NEW DELHI 110 001
Phone: 011 332 8576
8. Dr. HP Singh
Commissioner of Horticulture
Deptt. of Agriculture & Cooperation
Krishi Bhawan
New Delhi 110 001
Phone: 011 338 1012
9. Mr. RM Singhal
Dy. Director-General
Indian Council of Forestry Rearch & Education,
FRI Campus
PO: New Forest, Dehra Dun, Uttaranchal
10. Dr. PC Sharma
Asst. Director
Jawaharlal Nehru Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants Garden & Herbarium
[CCRAS], Kothrud
Pune 411 029
Email: inampgh@pn2.vsnl.net
11. Dr. (Mrs.) Lalrintluangi
Dy. Commissioner (RSS)
Deptt. of Family Welfare
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare
Nirman Bhawan, New Delhi 110 011
12. Dr. Palitha Abeykoon
Director
Office of WHO Representative to India
531-35, “A” Wing, Nirman Bhawan
New Delhi
Email: abeykoonp@whosea.org
13. Ms. Poonam Khetrapal
Office of WHO Representative to India
531-35, “A” Wing, Nirman Bhawan
New Delhi
Email: singhpoonam@whosea.org
14. Dr. Mohd. Khalid Siddiqui
Director
Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine
Opp: “D” Block, Janakpuri
New Delhi 110 058
Phones: 011 554-1715/561-1981
Fax : 011 561-1965
15. Dr. PL Gautam
Director
National Agriculture Technology Project
(ICAR), Pusa Campus
New Delhi
16. Dr. Satyabrata Maithy
Director
National Research Centre for Medicinal & Aromatic Plants
[ICAR], Boriavi, Anand 382 310, Gujarat
Email:nremap@wilnetonline.org
17. Mr. AK Kaul
Executive Director
Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India Ltd. (TRIFED)
NCUI Building, 2nd Floor
3, Siri Institutional Area, August Kranti Marg
New Delhi 110 016
Phone: 011 686 6149
18. Dr. DR Nag
Chief Botanist
Medicinal Plants Garden & Herbarium
Joginder Nagar,
Shimla, Himachal Pradesh
19. Dr. KV Billore
Research Officer
Medicinal Plants Board,
Govt. of India, No.36A, Janpath,
Chandralok Building (Ground Floor)
NEW DELHI 110 001
Email: kvbillore@hotmail.com
20. The Director
Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants (CIMAP)
Lucknow 226 015
21. Dr. MA Haque
Director
Ministry of Environment & Forests
Government of India
Paryavaran Bhawan
CGO Complex, Lodhi Road
NEW DELHI 110 003
Email: haque@menf.delhi.nic.in
22. Dr. P. Pushpangadan
Director – NBRI
Rana Pratap Marg
Lucknow
226 001
Fax: 0522 205839
Email: pushpangadan@satyam.net.in / directornbri@satyam.net.in
Andhra Pradesh :
Principal Chief Conservator of Forests
Aranya Bhavan, Saifabad
HYDERABAD - 500 004
Project Director
MedicinalPlant Conservation Centre
Environment Protection training &
Research Institute
HYDERABAD - 500 032
Chief Conservator of
Forest (Wild life)
MECL Building
High Land
Drive Road, Seminary Hills,
NAGPUR - 440 006
Project Director
Medicinal Plant Conservation Centre,
Rural Communes
F-3, Radha-KrIshna society, 2nd Floor,
425/84, Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth
Colony, Mukundnagar, Gultekdi,
PUNE-37
Deputy
Conservator of Forests
Ghod Project Dvision
JUNNAR-410502
Deputy
Conservator of Forests
Alibag Forest Division
Raigarh District, ALIBAG
Deputy
Conservator of Forests
Melghat Project Tiger,
PARATWADA
Deputy
Conservator of Forests
Wild Life Division
CHAMARAJNAGAR
Deputy
Conservator of Forests
Madikeri Forest Division
MADIKERI
Deputy
Conservator of Forests
Bangalore Rural Division
Aranya Bhawan, 18th Cross,
Malleswaram, BANGALORE
Deputy
Conservator of Forests
Mangalore Forest Division
MANGALDRE
Deputy
Conservator of Forests
Tumkur Forest Division,
TUMKUR
Deputy
Conservator of Forests
Kudremukha Wildlife Division
KARKALA
Deputy
Conservator of Forests
Bhadra Wildlife Division
CHIKMAGALUR
Deputy
Conservator of Forests
Shimoga Forest Division
SHIMOGA
Deputy
Conservator of Forests
Honnavar Forest Division
HONNAVAR, Uttara Kannada
Deputy
Conservator of Forests
Bellary Forest Division
BELLARY-583101
Deputy
Conservator of Forests
Bidar Forest Division, BIDAR
Wildlife Warden,
Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary
Rajeev Gandhi Nagar,
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM
Divisional
Forest Officer
Ranni Forest Division, RANNI
Wildlife
Warden
Eravikulam Wildlife Division
MUNNAR, RO.Idukki District
Wildlife Warden
Peechi Wildlife Sanctuary
PEECHI (Thrissur District)
Divisional
Forest Officer
Vazhachal Forest Division
CHALAKUDY
Wildlife Warden
Silent Valley Forest Division
MANNARKAD - 678 582
Divisional
Forest Officer
North Wayanad Forest Division
MANANTHAVADY
District
Forest Officer
Tirupattur Forest Division
TIRUPATTUR
(N.A.A. District)
Divisional
Forest Officer
Kottayam Forest Division
KOTTAYAM
District Forest
Officer
Kanyakumari Forest Division
NAGERCOIL
Eco-development
Officer
Project Tiger
N.G.O. A' Colony
TIRUNELVELI - 7
District
Forest Officer
Tirunelveli Forest Division
TIRUNELVELI - 7
Wildlife Warden
Grizzled Squirrel Sanctuary
SRIVILLIPUTTUR
District Forest
Officer
Dindigul Division
DINDIGUL-624007
District Forest
Officer
Kodaikanal Division
KODAIKANAL
Wild Life Warden
110 Public Office Road
NAGAPATTINAM-611001
Wildlife Warden
Indira Gandhi
Wildlife Sanctuary
178, Meenkarai Road
POLLACHI - 642 001
District
Forest Officer
Salem Forest
Division
SALEM - 7
District Forest Officer
Villupuram Division
23 A, Ranganathan Street,
Poonthottam
VILLUPURAM
District Forest Officer
Tirupattur Forest Division
TIRUPATTUR
(N.A.A. District)
Link
8: MEDICINAL PLANTS CONSERVATION PARKS :
Dr. G.N.S. Reddy
BAIF Institute for Rural Development
"Kamadhenu", PB No.3
BAIF Campus, Tiptur - Hassan Road
Sharadanagara,
TIPTUR - 572 202
Mr. R.M. Patil
Belgaum Integrated Rural
Development Society, Naganur (R) GOKAK
Tq-591 319 (Belgaum District)
Prof. Ranganath
Sri Taralabalu Rural
Development Foundation
SIRIGERE - 577 541
(Chitradurga Tg. & District)
Ms. Shyamala Hiremath
India Development Service (I)
Near German Hospital, Sadhankeri Road
DHARWAD - 580 008
Mr John Kennedy
Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA),
Nrupathunga Road
BANGALORE - 560 001
Dr G Shrikantan Nair
Tropical Botanic Garden and
Research Institute
Karimancode,
Pacha Palode PO
THIRUVANTHAPURAM District - 695 562
Fr Mathew Arackal
Peermade Development Society
PBNo.11, (Idukki District)
PEERMADE-685 531
Vd. Gangadharan G G
Centre for Indian Medical Heritage
AVP campus, Kanjikode, Palaghat Dt.,
KERALA - 678621
Fr Kuriakose Kunnath
Wayanad Social Service Society
P B Bo. 16,
Mananthavady, Wayanad
KERALA - 670 645
Mr Rajeev Khedkar
Academy of Development Science
PO. Kashele, Karjat Taluka
RAIGAD-410201
Mr Cletus Babu
Social Change
And Development
2, Salai street, Vannarpettai,
Tirunelveli - 627 003
Mr John Wash
Rural Education and Development Service,
No. 32-A, Denkanikottai Road,
RO BALATHOTANAPALLI - 635 107
Mr. S. Olaganathan
The Covenant
Centre for Development
#18-C/1, Kennet Cross Road,
EllisNagar, Madurai - 625 010
Mr Velmurugan
Shanthimalai Research and
Development Trust
R B. No. 7, Shiva Nagar
Sri Ramanashramam R 0.
TIRUVANNAMALAI - 606 603
Mr. R Mariaselvam
People's Agricultural Farm
No. 34, S. S. Nagar,
Near NGGO Colony
PUDUKOTTAI - 622 001
Mr A Stalin
Society for Rural Development (SRD)
123, TNHB Colony
Virupakshipuram
DHARMAPURI - 636 705
Mr Ramani
GANDEEPAM, Kurunchi Bhavanam
Sivagangai District
KILAVAYAL-630410
Mr. Jagannathan C
Anthyodhaya Sangh (ANSA)
7-A, Woraiyur
Mission Hospital Road
TIRUCHIRAPALLI - 620 003
Mr. Walter Gastmans
Auroville Action Group (AAG)
Shakti, S.Arcot, AUROVILLE - 605 101
Mr Joss Brooks
Pitchandikulam Forest
RO AUROVILLE - 605 101